What Is Absence Epilepsy?

Absence epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterised by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness known as absence seizures. These seizures typically last only a few seconds but can occur many times a day, often going unnoticed at first. Absence epilepsy most commonly affects children, but it can also appear in adults. Understanding what absence epilepsy is helps with recognising symptoms, obtaining an accurate diagnosis, and accessing appropriate treatment. This article explains the features, causes, and management of absence epilepsy based on trusted UK health information.

Defining Absence Epilepsy

Absence epilepsy is a form of generalised epilepsy where seizures involve both sides of the brain simultaneously. The hallmark symptom is the absence seizure, characterised by a sudden pause in awareness or activity. During a seizure, the person may appear to stare blankly into space, blink rapidly, or show subtle movements such as lip-smacking. These episodes typically last between 5 and 20 seconds and end as suddenly as they begin, with the person quickly returning to normal.

Who Is Affected by Absence Epilepsy?

Absence epilepsy is most common in children aged between 4 and 14 years, often diagnosed around school age. It affects boys and girls equally. While many children outgrow absence epilepsy during adolescence, some continue to experience seizures into adulthood. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce impact on learning and daily life.

Symptoms of Absence Seizures

The main symptom of absence seizures is a brief loss of awareness or “blanking out.” The person may stop talking or moving, appear unresponsive, and then resume activity without memory of the event. These seizures can happen dozens or even hundreds of times daily, sometimes mistaken for daydreaming or inattentiveness, especially in classroom settings.

Causes and Triggers

Absence epilepsy is thought to have a genetic basis, with certain gene variations increasing susceptibility. It can also be influenced by brain development and environmental factors. Common seizure triggers include hyperventilation, stress, fatigue, or flashing lights in some cases.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves a detailed medical history, witness accounts of seizures, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) test that detects characteristic brain wave patterns called 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges during seizures. Identifying these patterns helps confirm absence epilepsy.

Treatment

Absence epilepsy usually responds well to anti-epileptic medications such as ethosuximide, valproate, or lamotrigine. Treatment aims to reduce or eliminate seizures, allowing children to participate fully in daily activities. Regular follow-up ensures medication effectiveness and manages side effects.

Living with Absence Epilepsy

With appropriate treatment, many children with absence epilepsy achieve good seizure control and may outgrow the condition. Support from healthcare providers, schools, and families helps manage the impact on learning and social development.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If a child shows signs of frequent brief lapses in attention or awareness, it is important to seek medical evaluation promptly. Early diagnosis enables timely treatment and support.

Final Thought

Absence epilepsy is a common childhood epilepsy characterised by brief, frequent absence seizures. With early diagnosis and effective treatment, most children lead healthy, active lives and may outgrow the condition during adolescence.