Adults only (18+)

What Is Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Understanding Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a type of arthritis that affects children under the age of 16. It is an autoimmune condition, meaning the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own joints, leading to inflammation, pain and swelling. JRA is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and can vary widely in severity and symptoms. Early recognition and treatment are important to minimise joint damage and support normal growth and development.

Types and Symptoms

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis includes several subtypes based on the number of joints affected and other systemic features. Some children experience arthritis in only a few joints (oligoarticular JRA), while others have multiple joints involved (polyarticular JRA). Systemic JRA affects the entire body, causing fever, rash and inflammation in organs alongside joint symptoms. Common signs include joint swelling, stiffness (especially in the morning), limping, difficulty with movement and persistent pain. Fatigue and general malaise may also occur.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of JRA is not fully understood but involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers that cause the immune system to malfunction. Unlike adult rheumatoid arthritis, which often affects specific antibodies, JRA has a more varied immunological profile. Family history of autoimmune diseases may increase risk but is not always present.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing juvenile rheumatoid arthritis involves a thorough clinical assessment, blood tests to check for inflammation and specific antibodies, and imaging such as X-rays or ultrasound to evaluate joint damage. Diagnosis can be challenging as symptoms may overlap with other childhood illnesses, making specialist evaluation important.

Treatment and Management

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, relieving pain and maintaining joint function to allow children to lead active lives. Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics are used depending on severity. Physical therapy supports muscle strength and joint mobility. Regular monitoring ensures treatment is adjusted as needed.

Long-Term Outlook

With early and appropriate treatment, many children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis can achieve good symptom control and normal growth. However, some may experience long-term joint damage or complications requiring ongoing care.

Summary

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune arthritis affecting children, causing joint inflammation, pain and stiffness. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment help manage symptoms and support healthy development.