Adults only (18+)

What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, swelling and stiffness. Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium — the lining of the joints. This abnormal immune response leads to persistent inflammation that can damage cartilage, bones and other joint structures over time. RA is a systemic condition, meaning it can also affect other organs such as the lungs, heart and eyes.

Symptoms and Progression

The symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis often develop gradually but can sometimes appear suddenly. Common signs include joint pain and tenderness, especially in the small joints of the hands, wrists and feet. Stiffness is a hallmark symptom, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity, lasting for more than 30 minutes. Swelling and warmth around affected joints are also typical. As the disease progresses, joint deformities and reduced mobility may occur. Fatigue, low-grade fever and general malaise are frequent systemic symptoms accompanying active inflammation.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of RA is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers such as smoking, infections or hormonal changes. Certain genes increase susceptibility, but not everyone with these genes develops RA. Women are more commonly affected than men, and the disease can begin at any age.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis involves clinical evaluation, blood tests to detect markers like rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies, and imaging studies to assess joint damage. Early diagnosis is crucial to start treatment promptly and prevent irreversible joint destruction. Treatment typically includes disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic therapies, corticosteroids and physical therapy. The goal is to reduce inflammation, control symptoms and maintain joint function.

Summary

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic joint inflammation, pain and stiffness. It can lead to joint damage and affect other organs. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes and quality of life.