Adults only (18+)

What Is Septic Arthritis?

Understanding Septic Arthritis

Septic arthritis, also known as infectious arthritis, is a serious medical condition where a joint becomes infected, leading to inflammation, intense pain and swelling. The infection usually occurs when bacteria or, less commonly, fungi or viruses enter the joint space. This invasion triggers a rapid inflammatory response that can cause severe joint damage if not treated promptly. Septic arthritis can affect any joint but most commonly involves the knees, hips, shoulders and wrists.

Causes and Risk Factors

The infection in septic arthritis typically reaches the joint through the bloodstream from another infected area in the body, such as the skin, urinary tract or respiratory system. It can also result from direct contamination during joint surgery, injections or trauma. People with weakened immune systems, pre-existing joint problems, diabetes or intravenous drug use are at higher risk of developing septic arthritis.

Symptoms of Septic Arthritis

Symptoms develop quickly and usually include severe joint pain, swelling, redness and warmth around the affected joint. The joint becomes very tender and movement is often extremely painful or impossible. Fever, chills and general malaise frequently accompany the infection, indicating systemic involvement. Because septic arthritis progresses rapidly, these symptoms require urgent medical attention.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing septic arthritis involves clinical examination and laboratory tests. Joint fluid is aspirated using a needle and analysed to identify the infectious organism and confirm infection. Blood tests often show elevated inflammatory markers and white blood cell counts. Imaging such as X-rays or ultrasound helps assess joint damage and fluid accumulation.

Treatment and Management

Septic arthritis is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. This usually involves intravenous antibiotics targeted to the causative bacteria, sometimes followed by oral antibiotics. Drainage of infected joint fluid through aspiration or surgery is often necessary to clear the infection and relieve pressure. Early treatment is crucial to prevent permanent joint damage, disability and serious complications.

Summary

Septic arthritis is an infection of a joint causing severe pain, swelling and fever. It requires urgent diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and drainage to prevent lasting joint damage and systemic illness.