Adults only (18+)

What to Do When Someone with Epilepsy Has a Seizure

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterised by sudden seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Witnessing someone have a seizure can be distressing and confusing, but knowing how to respond calmly and effectively can make a significant difference in keeping them safe. Understanding what to do during a seizure is important not only for friends and family of people with epilepsy but also for anyone who might encounter someone having a seizure. This article explains the steps to take when someone has a seizure, emphasising safety, reassurance, and appropriate care based on trusted UK health guidance.

Recognising a Seizure

Seizures vary widely in appearance depending on the type of epilepsy and the part of the brain affected. The most common seizure type involves convulsions—uncontrolled shaking and loss of consciousness—but seizures can also manifest as brief lapses in awareness, strange movements, or unusual sensations. Knowing that a seizure is occurring helps to stay calm and respond appropriately. Importantly, seizures are usually self-limiting and stop within a few minutes without causing lasting harm.

Immediate Actions to Take

If you see someone having a seizure, the first priority is to protect them from injury. Move any nearby objects that could cause harm, such as sharp items or furniture. Do not restrain their movements or try to stop the seizure. Gently guide them to the floor if they are not already there to prevent falls. Cushion their head with something soft like a jacket or pillow to protect it from hitting the ground. Turning the person onto their side, known as the recovery position, helps keep the airway clear and prevents choking, especially if they vomit.

What Not to Do During a Seizure

It is important not to put anything in the person’s mouth, including food, drink, or objects. This common myth can lead to choking or injury. Avoid giving water or medication during a seizure, and do not attempt to hold the person down. Do not try to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation unless you are trained and it is absolutely necessary. Staying calm and allowing the seizure to run its course safely is the best approach.

Timing the Seizure

Keeping track of how long the seizure lasts is important. Most seizures end within two to three minutes. If the seizure continues for more than five minutes or if a second seizure follows immediately, it is a medical emergency known as status epilepticus, which requires urgent ambulance assistance. Also call for emergency help if the person is injured, has difficulty breathing, or does not regain consciousness within a few minutes after the seizure.

After the Seizure Ends

Once the seizure stops, stay with the person and offer reassurance as they recover. They may be confused, tired, or disoriented and could need help sitting or lying down comfortably. Avoid giving food or drink until they are fully alert and able to swallow safely. If they feel embarrassed or anxious, offer support and privacy if possible. Most people regain full awareness within minutes, but some may need more time to recover fully.

When to Call for Emergency Help

Emergency services should be contacted if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes, if multiple seizures occur without recovery between them, if the person is injured during the seizure, if breathing difficulties arise, or if it is their first-ever seizure. Additionally, if the person has other health conditions or is pregnant, medical advice should be sought promptly. Having a clear plan for when to call for help ensures timely care and safety.

Supporting Someone with Epilepsy

People with epilepsy often benefit from having trusted friends, family, or carers who understand how to respond during seizures. Training in seizure first aid is widely available and helps build confidence in managing emergencies. Communication about seizure triggers, warning signs, and individual care plans empowers those around the person with epilepsy to provide effective support. Encouraging open discussions helps reduce fear and stigma associated with seizures.

Dispelling Myths About Seizures

There are many myths surrounding seizures, such as the idea that people can swallow their tongues or that seizures always involve violent convulsions. Educating yourself and others about the realities of seizures promotes empathy and informed responses. Understanding that seizures are medical events needing calm and practical care improves outcomes and reduces unnecessary panic.

Emotional Impact on Witnesses and the Person Seizing

Witnessing a seizure can be emotionally unsettling. It is normal to feel anxious or helpless, but remembering the steps to help can provide reassurance. For the person having the seizure, embarrassment, fear, or frustration may follow. Emotional support, patience, and understanding from others are important in helping them cope and regain confidence.

Final Thoughts

Knowing what to do when someone with epilepsy has a seizure is vital for their safety and wellbeing. Protecting them from injury, timing the seizure, and calling for emergency help when necessary are key actions. Most seizures end naturally and without harm, and compassionate care during and after the event supports recovery. By being informed and prepared, you can make a positive difference in the lives of people living with epilepsy.